analyseExamine in detail to understand or explain something.approachA way of dealing with a situation or problem.areaA subject, range of activity, or field of study.assessEvaluate or estimate the quality or value of something.assumeAccept something as true without evidence.authorityThe power to give orders or make decisions.availableAble to be used or obtained.benefitAn advantage or profit gained from something.conceptAn abstract idea or general notion.consistBe composed or made up of.constituteBe a part of a whole; make up.contextThe circumstances forming the background of an event.contractA written legal agreement; to enter into an agreement.createBring something into existence.dataFacts and statistics collected for reference or analysis.defineState the exact meaning of a word or concept.deriveObtain or develop something from a source.distributeGive or spread something among a number of recipients.economyThe system by which a country's money and industry are organised.environmentThe natural world; the surroundings of a living organism.establishSet up or bring into being on a firm basis.estimateAn approximate calculation or judgement.evidentClearly seen or understood; obvious.exportSend goods or services to another country for sale.factorA circumstance that contributes to a result.financeThe management of money; to provide funding.formulaA set method or rule expressed in symbols or words.functionAn activity or purpose natural to a thing; to work correctly.identifyRecognise or establish the identity of something.incomeMoney received from work or investments.indicatePoint out or show something.individualA single person; relating to one person.interpretExplain the meaning of information or actions.involveInclude as a necessary part; affect or include.issueAn important topic or problem for debate.labourWork, especially physical work; the workforce.legalRelating to the law; permitted by law.legislateMake or enact laws.majorImportant, serious, or significant.methodA particular procedure for accomplishing something.occurHappen or take place.percentBy a specified amount in or for every hundred.periodA length or portion of time.policyA course of action adopted by a government or organisation.principleA fundamental rule or belief governing behaviour.proceedBegin or continue a course of action.processA series of actions leading to a result.requireNeed something for a particular purpose.researchSystematic investigation into a subject.respondSay or do something in reply to a stimulus.roleA function or position in a particular situation.sectionAny of the parts into which something is divided.sectorA distinct part of an economy, society, or sphere of activity.significantImportant enough to be worthy of attention.similarResembling without being identical.sourceA place or person from which something comes.specificClearly defined or identified; particular.structureThe arrangement of and relations between parts of something.theoryA set of ideas to explain something.varyDiffer in size, degree, or nature from something else.achieveSuccessfully reach a desired outcome.acquireCome to have or possess something.administrateManage and run an organisation or system.affectHave an impact on; make a difference to.appropriateSuitable or proper in the circumstances.aspectA particular part or feature of something.assistHelp someone to do something.categoryA group of things sharing common characteristics.chapterA section of a book or a period in a sequence.commissionAn official group with authority; to formally request work.communityA group of people living in the same place or sharing common interests.complexMade of many different parts; complicated.computeCalculate or reckon something using a computer.concludeBring something to an end; form an opinion.conductCarry out; the way someone behaves.consequentFollowing as a result or effect.constructBuild or create; an idea or theory.consumeUse up a resource; eat or drink.creditRecognition for achievement; trust in ability to repay.cultureThe ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a society.designA plan or drawing for something; to plan or create.distinctRecognisably different in nature; clear.elementA basic part of something; a fundamental aspect.equateConsider one thing to be the same as another.evaluateForm an idea of the quality or value of something.featureA distinctive aspect or characteristic.finalComing at the end; decisive.focusPay particular attention to; the centre of interest.impactA strong effect or influence.injureCause physical harm to a person or animal.instituteAn organisation for a specific purpose; to establish.investPut money or time into something for future benefit.itemAn individual article or unit.journalA newspaper or magazine on a specialist subject.maintainCause to continue; keep in good condition.normalConforming to a standard; usual.obtainGet or acquire something.participateTake part in an activity.perceiveBecome aware of something through the senses; interpret.positiveExpressing agreement or support; optimistic.potentialThe capacity to develop into something; possible.previousComing before in time or order.primaryOf first importance; earliest.purchaseBuy; an act of buying something.rangeA variety; to extend over a specified area.regionAn area, especially part of a country with defined characteristics.regulateControl by rules or restrictions.relevantClosely connected or appropriate to the topic.resideLive in a particular place.resourceA supply of something that can be drawn on.restrictLimit or put a limit on.secureFixed or protected; to make something safe.seekAttempt to find or obtain something.selectCarefully choose as the best or most suitable.siteA place where something happens; to fix in position.strategyA plan of action designed to achieve a long-term goal.surveyA systematic examination or investigation.textWritten or printed words; the content of a book.traditionA long-established custom or practice.transferMove from one place or person to another. alternativeOne of two or more available options.circumstanceA fact or condition connected with an event or action.commentOffer an opinion or explanation.compensateGive something to make up for loss or damage.componentA part or element of a larger whole.consentPermission or agreement; to agree.considerableLarge in size, extent, or importance.constantOccurring continuously; not changing.constrainSeverely restrict the freedom or scope of something.contributeGive or supply a part of a whole.conventionA way in which something is usually done; a rule.coordinateOrganise and work harmoniously together.coreThe most important part; central.corporateRelating to a large company.correspondHave a close similarity; communicate by letter.criteriaPrinciples or standards used to judge something.deduceArrive at a conclusion through reasoning.demonstrateClearly show the existence or truth of something.documentA piece of written evidence; to record in detail.dominateHave a commanding influence over; be the most important.emphasisSpecial importance or weight given to something.ensureMake certain that something happens.excludeDeny access to; leave out.frameworkA basic system of rules or principles underlying a concept.fundA sum of money; to provide money for a purpose.illustrateExplain by using examples or pictures.immigrateCome to live permanently in a foreign country.implySuggest or indicate something without saying so directly.initialExisting at the beginning; the first letter.instanceAn example or single occurrence of something.interactAct in a way that has an effect on another.justifyShow or prove to be right or reasonable.layerA sheet, quantity, or thickness laid over a surface.linkA connection between two things; to connect.locateDiscover the exact place of; situate in a particular place.maximiseMake as large or great as possible.minorLesser in importance, seriousness, or size.negateMake ineffective; nullify.outcomeThe way a thing turns out; a result.partnerA person who shares in an activity; to share with.philosophyThe study of fundamental questions about existence and knowledge.physicalRelating to the body or material world.proportionA part considered in relation to the whole.publishPrepare and issue for public distribution.reactRespond to something in a particular way.registerAn official list; a level of language formality; to record.relyDepend on with full trust or confidence.removeTake away or off; eliminate.schemeA plan or programme of action.sequenceA particular order in which things follow one another.sexBiological characteristics distinguishing male and female.shiftA change in position or direction; to move.specifyIdentify or state clearly and precisely.sufficientEnough for a particular purpose.taskA piece of work to be done or undertaken.technicalRelating to a particular subject or skilled occupation.techniqueA way of doing something using practical skill.technologyThe application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.validHaving a sound basis; legally or officially acceptable.volumeThe amount of space; the quantity of something. accessThe means or opportunity to approach something.adequateSatisfactory or acceptable in quality or quantity.annualHappening once a year.apparentClearly visible or understood; seeming real.approximateClose to the actual but not entirely accurate.attitudeA settled way of thinking or feeling about something.attributeA quality or feature; to regard as caused by.civilRelating to ordinary citizens; courteous.codeA set of rules; a system of symbols.commitCarry out or perpetrate; pledge to a course.communicateShare or exchange information or feelings.concentrateFocus attention or effort on something.conferGrant or bestow; hold a discussion.contrastA difference; to compare things to show differences.cycleA series of events that repeat; to ride a bicycle.debateA formal discussion on a topic; to discuss.despiteWithout being affected by; in spite of.dimensionAn aspect or feature; a measurable extent.domesticRelating to the home or a country's own affairs.emergeCome out or arise from somewhere; become known.errorA mistake; something incorrectly done.ethnicRelating to a group with a common cultural tradition.goalAn aim or desired result.grantA sum of money given for a purpose; to agree to give.henceAs a consequence; for this reason.hypothesisA proposed explanation to be tested.implementPut a decision or plan into effect.implicateShow to be involved in a crime or problem.imposeForce something on someone or establish by authority.integrateCombine parts into a whole; include as part of a group.internalOf or relating to the inside of something.investigateCarry out a systematic examination of.jobA paid position of employment.labelA name or description applied to something; to classify.mechanismA process by which something happens; a system.obviousEasily perceived; self-evident.occupyReside or have one's place of business in; fill a space.optionA choice or alternative.outputThe amount of something produced.overallTaking everything into account; generally.parallelLines that never meet; similar or corresponding.parameterA limit or boundary defining the scope of something.phaseA distinct period or stage in a process.predictSay what will happen in the future.principalMain; most important; the head of a school.priorComing before in time or order.professionalRelating to a skilled occupation; an expert.projectA planned undertaking; to estimate or forecast.promoteFurther the progress or development of something.proposePut forward a plan or suggestion.radicalAffecting the fundamental nature of something; far-reaching.randomWithout any pattern or plan; by chance.reinforceStrengthen or support.restoreBring back to a previous state or condition.reviseExamine and improve; reconsider and alter.seriesA number of things of the same kind coming one after another.statusThe relative social or professional position.stressPressure or tension; to emphasise.subsequentComing after something in time or order.sumA total; to add up. academicRelating to education and scholarship.adjustAlter slightly to achieve a better result.alterChange in character or composition.amendMake minor changes to improve or correct.awareHaving knowledge or perception of something.capacityThe maximum amount; the ability to do something.challengeA task requiring effort; to question or dispute.clauseA unit of grammar; a specific part of a legal document.compoundA combination of elements; to make worse.conflictA serious disagreement; to be incompatible with.consultSeek information or advice from someone.contactCommunication or connection; to get in touch with.declineA gradual decrease; to become smaller or weaker.discreteIndividually separate and distinct.draftA preliminary version; to prepare a text.enableGive someone the means or authority to do something.energyPower derived from physical or chemical sources.enforceCompel observance of a law or rule.entityA thing with distinct existence.equivalentEqual in value, amount, or meaning.evolveDevelop gradually; change over time.expandBecome or make larger; increase in extent.exposeMake visible; reveal; subject to an influence.externalBelonging to or forming the outside.facilitateMake an action or process easier.fundamentalOf central importance; basic.generateProduce or create something.globeThe world; a spherical representation of it.gradeA level of quality; to classify by quality.guaranteeA formal promise; to promise with certainty.imageA picture or representation; how something appears to others.liberalOpen to new behaviour or opinions; favouring individual freedoms.licenceAn official permit; to grant official permission.logicReasoning conducted according to strict validity.marginThe edge; the difference between two amounts.medicalRelating to medicine or the treatment of illness.mentalRelating to the mind.modifyMake partial changes to; alter.monitorObserve and check over time.networkA group of interconnected things; to interact with others.notifyInform someone of something formally.objectiveA goal to be achieved; not influenced by personal feelings.orientAlign or position relative to something; adjust to.perspectiveA particular way of considering something.preciseMarked by exactness; accurate.primeMost important; the best state of something.psychologyThe scientific study of the mind and behaviour.pursueFollow or chase; continue or proceed along a path.ratioThe relationship between two amounts.rejectDismiss as inadequate or unwanted.revenueIncome generated by a government or organisation.stableNot likely to change or fall; firmly established.styleA manner of doing something; a fashion.substituteA person or thing serving in place of another.sustainMaintain over time; keep going.symbolA mark or sign representing something.targetAn aim or result to aim for; to direct something at.transitThe process of passing through; to travel across.trendA general direction in which something is changing.versionA particular form of something that differs slightly. abstractExisting in thought or theory; a summary of a text.accurateCorrect in all details; free from error.acknowledgeRecognise or admit the truth of something.aggregateA total or combined amount; to collect into a mass.allocateDistribute resources or duties for a purpose.assignAllocate a task or job to someone.attachFasten or connect; attribute importance to.authorThe writer of a book or article.bondA connection or force that unites; to form a close relationship.briefOf short duration; a short statement of key points.capableHaving the ability to do something.citeRefer to as evidence; quote as an example.cooperateWork together towards a common goal.discriminateTreat unfairly based on group differences; distinguish.displayShow publicly; an exhibition or show.domainA sphere of knowledge or activity.editPrepare written material for publication by correcting.enhanceIntensify, increase, or improve the quality of.estateA property; someone's assets after death.exceedBe greater than; go beyond a set limit.expertA person with extensive knowledge in a field.explicitClearly and fully stated; leaving nothing implied.federalRelating to a system with central and regional governments.feeA payment for professional services.flexibleAble to change or be changed; willing to adapt.furthermoreIn addition; besides (used to add new information).genderThe state of being male, female, or non-binary.ignoreRefuse to take notice of; disregard.incentiveSomething that motivates or encourages action.inclineTo tend towards; a slope.incorporateInclude something as part of a larger whole.indexA list or measure used to indicate levels.inhibitPrevent or slow down a process.initiativeThe ability to act independently; a plan of action.inputWhat is put in; to contribute to.instructDirect or command; teach systematically.intelligenceThe ability to learn and understand; collected information.intervalA pause or gap between events.lectureAn educational talk; to give a lecture.migrateMove from one region or country to another.minimumThe least possible amount.ministryA government department with a head minister.motiveA reason for doing something.neutralNot taking sides; not aligned with either position.neverthelessIn spite of that; notwithstanding.paragraphA distinct section of writing dealing with one point.practitionerA person who actively practices a skill or profession.predominantPresent or exerting control as the strongest element.prospectThe possibility or likelihood of future success.recoverReturn to normal state after a problem; retrieve.revealMake previously unknown information known.routeA way or course taken to reach a destination.scopeThe extent of a subject or activity; range.subordinateLower in rank; a person of lower status.suspendTemporarily halt or delay.temporaryLasting for a limited time only.triggerCause an event to start; a stimulus.uniqueBeing the only one of its kind; remarkable.visibleAble to be seen; apparent to the mind.voluntaryDone without being forced; unpaid. adaptModify to fit new conditions.adultA person who is fully grown; relating to grown persons.advocateA supporter; to publicly recommend something.aidHelp or assistance; to help.channelA means of communication; to direct towards.chemicalA substance produced by chemistry; relating to chemistry.classicA work of lasting quality; judged over a long period.comprehensiveIncluding all relevant information; complete.compriseBe made up of; consist of.confirmEstablish the truth of something; make firm.contraryOpposite; an opposing position.convertChange in form or character; persuade to adopt a belief.coupleTwo; to link or connect.decadeA period of ten years.definiteClearly stated or decided; certain.denyState that something is not true; refuse to give.differentiateRecognise or show differences between things.disposalThe action of getting rid of something.dynamicCharacterised by constant change; a driving force.eliminateCompletely remove or end something.empiricalBased on observation or experience rather than theory.equipSupply with necessary resources or skills.extractRemove or take out; a passage from a text.fileA folder of documents; to submit officially.foundEstablish an institution or organisation.ideologyA set of ideas and beliefs forming the basis of an economic or political system.inferDraw a conclusion from evidence and reasoning.innovateIntroduce new ideas, products, or methods.insertPlace something into something else.interveneCome between parties to prevent or alter a result.isolateCause to be alone; identify separately.mutualExperienced by each of two parties towards the other.normA standard or pattern regarded as typical.overlapCover part of the same area; share similar characteristics.passiveAccepting without objection; not active.portionA part of a whole; a serving of food.preliminaryPreceding and preparing for the main activity.protocolAn official procedure or system of rules.qualitativeRelating to quality rather than quantity.refineImprove by making small changes; remove impurities.releaseSet free; allow to be published or available.resolveSettle or find a solution to a problem.retainKeep; continue to have.statisticA numerical fact or piece of data.straightforwardUncomplicated; easy to do or understand.supplementAn addition that enhances; to add to.transformMake a thorough change in form or character.undergoExperience or be subjected to something.utiliseMake practical and effective use of something.whereasIn contrast or comparison with the fact that. abandonGive up completely; leave permanently.accompanyGo with or occur alongside something.accumulateGather together or acquire over time.ambiguousOpen to more than one interpretation; unclear.appendixA section at the end of a book; additional data.appreciateRecognise the full worth of; increase in value.arbitraryBased on random choice rather than reason.automaticallyWithout conscious thought; by itself.biasUnfair preference for one thing over another.chartA visual representation of information; to make a map.clarifyMake something easier to understand.commodityA useful or valuable thing; a raw material or product.complementA thing that completes; to add extra features.controversyProlonged public disagreement or heated debate.converseThe opposite; to engage in conversation.deviceA tool or equipment made for a purpose.devoteGive time or effort entirely to something.diminishMake or become smaller or less significant.distortPull out of shape; give a misleading account of.dramaticRelating to drama; sudden and striking.eventuallyIn the end; after a long time.exhibitShow publicly; display.exploitMake use of unfairly; utilise effectively.fluctuateRise and fall irregularly.guidelinesGeneral rules or instructions for behaviour.implicitSuggested without being stated directly.induceCause or bring about; persuade.inevitableCertain to happen; unavoidable.infrastructureBasic systems and facilities needed for a society.integralNecessary for completeness; fundamental.intermediateComing between two things in time or position.manualDone by hand; a handbook of instructions.matureFully developed; to reach full development.mediateIntervene between parties to bring about agreement.militaryRelating to armed forces.minimalOf a minimum amount; very small.mutualExperienced or done by each of two parties.negateMake ineffective; deny the existence of.objectiveA goal; not influenced by personal feelings.predominantPresent as the strongest element; having control.prospectThe likelihood of future success; what lies ahead.radicalFar-reaching; relating to fundamental change.randomMade without a plan or pattern; by chance.reinforceStrengthen or confirm something.restoreReturn to an original state; repair.revolutionA dramatic change in conditions or ideas.rigidNot flexible; fixed in opinion or behaviour.routeA way between places; to direct along a path.scenarioA description of a possible sequence of events.sphereAn area of activity; a round solid figure.subordinateOf lower rank; to treat as less important.supplementAn addition to complete something; to add to.suspendHalt temporarily; hang from above.teamA group of people working together.temporaryNot permanent; lasting for a limited time.triggerCause an event; something that initiates a process.unifyMake or become united.visibleAble to be seen; apparent.voluntaryDone without being required; unpaid. bulkThe majority; large in size or quantity.collapseSuddenly fall down; fail suddenly.commenceBegin; start.compatibleAble to coexist without conflict.concurrentExisting or happening at the same time.confineKeep within certain limits; restrict.controversyHeated public disagreement.cooperateWork together towards a common aim.currencyA system of money in use in a country.denoteStand as a name or symbol for; indicate.detectDiscover or identify something.deviateDepart from an established course or norm.displaceMove from the usual or proper place.eventualHappening at some later time; final.exhibitShow; display for others to see.exploitUtilise; treat unfairly for personal gain.fluctuateChange irregularly; vary up and down.formatThe way something is arranged or presented.henceFor this reason; as a consequence.hierarchicalArranged in order of rank or importance.identicalExactly the same; similar in every detail.implicitImplied rather than stated outright.induceBring about; persuade or cause.inevitableCertain to happen; impossible to prevent.infrastructureThe basic systems and services needed by a society.innovateIntroduce new ideas or methods.insertPlace inside something else.inspectLook at carefully to detect quality or problems.intenseOf extreme force, degree, or strength.manipulateControl or influence cleverly or unfairly.mediateHelp parties in conflict to reach agreement.militaryRelating to the army, navy, or air force.minimalVery small in amount; the least possible.mutualShared by or between two parties equally.neverthelessIn spite of what has just been said.obviousClearly apparent; easy to understand.occupyFill or use a space or time; hold a position.optionA choice available to someone.overlapCover part of the same area; share features.passiveAccepting things without active response.portionA part of a whole; a quantity.preliminaryComing before and preparing for the main event.protocolAn agreed set of rules for a situation.qualitativeRelating to quality rather than measurable quantity.refineRemove impurities from; improve gradually.resolveSettle a problem or dispute.retainContinue to have; hold in place.straightforwardEasy to do; not complicated.undergoExperience something; be subjected to.utiliseMake practical use of something. adjacentNext to or adjoining something else.albeitEven though; although.assembleGather or bring together; construct.collapseSuddenly fall down or fail.colleagueA person with whom one works.compileProduce a collection of data or text.conceiveForm or devise a plan; imagine.contradictDeny the truth of; be contrary to.crucialDecisive and important in the success of something.currencyMoney in use; the quality of being current.denoteBe a sign or symbol of; indicate.detectDiscover or identify the presence of something.deviateDepart from a standard or norm.displaceMove from usual position; replace.dramaAn exciting or notable event; a form of literature for performance.eccentricUnconventional and slightly strange.formatThe way in which something is arranged; to arrange.foundedEstablished or set up.furthermoreMoreover; in addition.generateCause to arise or come about.hierarchyA system ranked in order of importance or status.identicalExactly the same in every way.ideologyA system of ideas forming the basis of a theory or policy.implicateShow to be involved in a crime or harmful activity.intenseStrong, extreme, or extreme in degree.manipulateHandle or control cleverly, often unfairly.migrateMove from one country or area to another.occurHappen or take place.ongoingContinuing; in progress.outputThe amount of something produced.parallelSimilar; lines that never meet.persistContinue firmly despite obstacles.posePresent or create a problem; a position.precedentAn earlier event used as an example for future situations.reactRespond to a situation in a particular way.registerLevel of formality in language; to enrol.relyDepend confidently on someone or something.removeTake away; eliminate.scopeThe extent or range of a subject or activity.sequenceA particular order; to arrange in order.seriesA number of related things following in order.simulateImitate the appearance or character of something.soleOne and only; belonging to only one person.somewhatTo a moderate extent; rather.submitPresent for consideration or approval.subsequentlyAfterwards; following in time or order.sustainMaintain over a long period; support.traceA very small amount; to follow the course of.transformChange completely in form or character.transportMove from one place to another; a system of vehicles.underlieBe the cause or basis of something.uniqueUnlike anything else; one of a kind.